Drones in Poland and GPS jamming attributed to Russia have intensified a debate over whether the West should impose stiffer penalties for such “hybrid warfare.”

U.S. and European officials have met at the U.S. Treasury Department to discuss economic pressure on Russia, including new sanctions and tariffs on Russian oil.

We can see the American priorities shifting,” said one NATO diplomat, “and we’re asking where NATO fits into the bigger picture."

Alarms bells sounded this week in Europe after NATO jets scrambled to intercept an unprecedented Russian drone incursion in Poland. Now there is fresh unease on NATO’s eastern flank, as Russia and Belarus kick off major military drills to test the readiness of their armed forces.

Ukrainian and European officials say President Vladimir V. Putin has become emboldened by a lack of Western pushback.

Donald Trump has told European allies to impose sweeping tariffs on Russia’s trading partners, pledging the US will follow suit if they do.

A Russian cruise missile that hit a government building in central Kyiv on Sunday was filled with dozens of foreign parts, including chips and other electronic components made in the United States, Ukrainian officials said on Tuesday.

With escalating airstrikes, the Russian leader appears determined to demonstrate that he will dictate the terms for any end to the war.