Mathematical models are more than just equations–they use statistics and data to describe the way a complex system works, and predict how different variables might effect outcomes.

Mathematical models can be used throughout the epidemiological research process. Initially they may help to refine study questions by visually expressing complex systems, directing literature searches ...

"However, they only offer snapshots of the process," Christmann adds. As part of her doctorate research, she has developed mathematical models to calculate when and where the ice shelf may collapse.