Cosimo de’ Medici, known as Cosimo the Elder (1389–1464), was the founder of the Medici dynasty and one of the most influential figures in the 15th-century Florence. A banker and statesman, Cosimo was ...

The Song Dynasty began in 960 CE, following several decades of political chaos in China. China was divided and in the midst of civil war, with each faction trying to recreate the Empire and take ...

What was the role and life of women in the Middle Ages within medieval society? Their existence varied according to age and social status, their place within the family, their role in the couple, ...

On the eve of what historiography has termed the “Age of Discovery,” the Christian West held a geographical worldview that blended Greek, religious, and empirical influences, tinged with a sense of ...

The Celts are Indo-European peoples originating from the Danube Valley, who settled in much of Europe in antiquity. These tribes spoke the same language, with variations, and shared certain religious ...

After the conquest by Julius Caesar, the Pax Romana was established in Roman Gaul, which quickly became one of the most prosperous provinces of the Empire. Despite a few last revolts, the “Roman peace ...

In Arabic, Islam means “submission to God,” and a Muslim is a person “devoted to God.” Like Jews and Christians, Muslims are monotheists. They believe there is only one God who created the world and ...

Judicial investigations were practiced by both the royal court — for example, in England — and the Church, in their fight not only against heresy but also against other crimes within the jurisdiction ...

The Combat of the Thirty is a marginal episode of the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1365) that took place in March 1351 in the territory of the present commune of Guillac (Morbihan), located ...

Djer, Hor Djer (Hr Dr, literal meaning “Hor the Grasper” or “Protector” or “Strong”, early 3rd millennium BCE) was the third pharaoh of the First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. According to recent research ...

Sarafan (Russian: сарафан, sarafan, Persian: سراپا‎, sarâpâ) is a traditional Russian women’s sleeveless outer garment. It is a flared pinafore dress, the pattern, usage, and user base of which have ...

The Nemes is the most iconic headdress of the pharaohs, worn from the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period. It is well-known to the public through numerous representations, notably the golden funerary ...